Advances in perovskite solar cells: Materials, challenges, and future directions

In recent years, perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have attracted considerable attention due to their exceptional power conversion efficiency (PCE) and cost-effective manufacturing processes. This chapter presents a thorough overview of the fundamental principles, materials science, and recent developments in PSC technology. It delves into the key attributes of perovskite materials, such as their superior light absorption, effective charge transport, and tunable bandgap. The discussion covers a range of strategies designed to improve the stability and scalability of PSCs, with a particular focus on addressing issues related to material degradation and toxicity. Additionally, it explores innovative approaches, including tandem and hybrid structures, as well as the incorporation of perovskite-based devices into lightweight and flexible solar technologies. Lastly, it underscores the potential commercial uses of PSCs and reviews ongoing research efforts aimed at improving their durability, performance, and environmental sustainability.