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Whispering Gallery Mode Resonators for Precision Temperature Metrology Applications

In this work, the authors exploited the whispering gallery mode (WGM) resonator properties as a thermometer. The sensor is made of a cylindrical sapphire microwave resonator in the center of a gold-plated copper cavity. Two coaxial cables act as antennas and excite the WGM standing waves in the cylindrical sapphire at selected resonance frequencies in the microwave range. The system affords a high quality factor that enables temperature measurements with a resolution better than 15 mu K and a...

Using a Josephson junction as an effective on-chip temperature sensor

Temperature sensing and control are essential in experiments running in cryocooled systems, as with the case of liquid helium-free superconducting devices. A Josephson junction as on-chip temperature sensor operated in ac provides the highest sensitivity and minimal power loading to the cryogenic environment, thanks to the noise rejection of lock-in detection. To demonstrate the advantages of on-chip sensing, we tested it with a Josephson voltage standard array in cryocooler and compared with...

Smart Glasses for Visually Evoked Potential Applications: Characterisation of the Optical Output for Different Display Technologies

Off-the-shelf consumer-grade smart glasses are being increasingly used in extended reality and brain–computer interface applications that are based on the detection of visually evoked potentials from the user’s brain. The displays of these kinds of devices can be based on different technologies, which may affect the nature of the visual stimulus received by the user. This aspect has substantial impact in the field of applications based on wearable sensors and devices. We measured the optical ...

Comparison of Low DC Current Traceability Methods and Gas Capacitors AC–DC Dependence

This article compares two instruments for the traceable measurement of dc low currents, a custom capacitance-voltage (C-V) source and the ultrastable low-current amplifier (ULCA), a commercial precision transresistance amplifier. The instruments are calibrated through independent traceability routes. The comparison base relative accuracy is in the 10(-6)-10(-5) range. Differences between the two instrument readings, in the 10(-5) range, are interpreted as an effect of the frequency dependence...

A new calibration setup for lock-in amplifiers in the low frequency range and its validation in a bilateral comparison

This paper addresses the calibration of lock-in amplifiers in the low frequency range. A simple but effective calibration setup implemented at INRIM is described. This includes a stable low-voltage source, composed of a digital sine wave generator and a cascade of two voltage dividers, one inductive and one resistive. The magnitude error is the lock-in magnitude error, which can be determined with an uncertainty of the order of 10(-4) or better, that is, two orders of magnitude lower than the...

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